Updates? Lewis, Jone Johnson. August 1792 Königin … Because of Louis XVI’s irresolution, Marie-Antoinette was to play an increasingly important part in the secret intrigues to liberate the royal family from its virtual captivity in Paris. Biography of Marie-Antoinette, French Queen Consort, The Quote That Cost Queen Marie Antoinette Her Head, The Many Roles of Women in the French Revolution. Marie-Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen, Königin von Frankreich, Gemälde von Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (1755–1842) Marie-Antoinette perpétuelle Nr. Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Österreich-Lothringen; November 2, 1755–October 16, 1793) was an Austrian noble and French Queen Consort whose position as a hate figure for much of France helped contribute to the events of … Marie-Antoinette was guillotined in 1793 after the Revolutionary Tribunal found her guilty of crimes against the state. Marie-Antoinette perpétuelle Nr. November 1755 - 16. Marie-Antoinette wurde als Erzherzogin Maria Antonia von Österreich geboren. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Early life and role in the court of Louis XVI, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Antoinette-queen-of-France, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Marie Antoinette, The World of the Habsburgs - Biography of Marie Antoinette, Web Gallery of Art - Biography of Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Antoinette - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Marie-Antoinette - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), What Pop Culture Got Wrong About Marie-Antoinette, Learn about the life of Marie-Antoinette and her execution by guillotine in 1793, Étienne-François de Choiseul, duc de Choiseul, Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Maurepas, Uncover the reality behind Marie-Antoinette's famous phrase, “Let them eat cake”. In foreign policy, she encountered the opposition of both Louis XVI and Vergennes in her efforts to advance Austrian interests, and it is certain that her brother, Emperor Joseph II, was gravely disappointed at her lack of success. Her rejection of reform and resistance to the French Revolution contributed to the monarchy’s overthrow in 1792. Durch Heirat mit dem Thronfolger Ludwig August wurde sie am 16. Her charisma and lightness contrasted with the withdrawn and uninspiring personality of her husband. April 1770 von ihrem Geburtsort Wien nach Versailles, wo sie als Marie-Antoinette die Gemahlin des späteren französischen Königs Ludwig XVI. Her second son, the future Louis XVII, was born in March 1785. Oktober 1793 in Paris) wurde als Erzherzogin Maria Antonia von Österreich geboren. She was also unfortunate that the timid, uninspiring Louis proved to be an inattentive husband. 160 von Breguet, Zeigerseite. This failed escape was reportedly planned by Marie Antoinette. Musée du Louvre, Département des Arts graphiques Her lavish spending, furthermore, did not significantly contribute to France's economic troubles before the revolution. As with most royal daughters, Marie Antoinette was promised in marriage in order to build a diplomatic alliance between her birth family and the family of her husband. Louis XVI was executed in January 1793, and Marie Antoinette was executed by the guillotine on October 16 of that year. Instead, she urged the necessity of an armed congress of the powers to negotiate from strength for the restoration of the royal authority. At the end of May she seemed to have intervened little in politics, as she was distracted by the illness of her elder son, who died early in June. The role Marie Antoinette played in French governmental affairs, both domestic and foreign, was likely greatly exaggerated. Marie Antoinette wurde am 2. This was because she was regarded, though without justification, as an associate of the reactionary coterie of the king’s brother Charles, comte d’Artois, and because of the aspersions cast on her character by the king’s cousin, Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duc d’Orléans. The phrase was actually first seen in print in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "The Confessions," written before Marie Antoinette was queen. Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Österreich-Lothringen; 2. November 1755 in Wien; † 16. The role that she played in French internal and foreign policy between the accession of Louis XVI and the outbreak of the Revolution has probably been much exaggerated. In foreign policy the aim of the Feuillants was to persuade the émigrés to return and to prevent Emperor Leopold II (Marie-Antoinette’s brother) from being committed to a counterrevolutionary crusade against France. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Marie Antoinette was born under the much less French-sounding name of Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Österreich-Lothringen in German-speaking Austria. In 1774, when her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI, she became queen. Marie-Antoinette, in full Marie-Antoinette-Josèphe-Jeanne d’Autriche-Lorraine (Austria-Lorraine), originally German Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Österreich-Lothringen, (born November 2, 1755, Vienna, Austria—died October 16, 1793, Paris, France), Austrian queen consort of King Louis XVI of France (1774–93). Learn how likely it is that Marie-Antoinette uttered the famous phrase attributed to her. She was charged with aiding the enemy and inciting civil war. After Mirabeau’s death in April 1791, the queen turned to émigrés and friends outside France for help. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. She hoped for foreign intervention to end the revolution and free the royal family. 11.08.2012 - Marie Antoinette. Marie Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen und Dauphine von Frankreich. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. After an initial slow start at the expected role of child-bearer—her husband apparently had to be coached in his role in this—Marie Antoinette gave birth to her first child, a daughter, in 1778, and sons in 1781 and 1785. She was only 14 when her parents had her married to the dauphin Louis, grandson of Louis XV of France, for diplomatic purposes. November 1755 geboren . Marie Antoinette was born in Austria, the 15th of 16 children born to Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Austrian Empress Maria Theresa. Durch Heirat mit dem Thronfolger Ludwig August wurde sie am 16. She spent lavishly, but her extravagance was only a minor cause of France’s growing debt in the 1770s and ’80s. Oktober 1793) war die Königin von Frankreich, die während der Französischen Revolution von einer Guillotine hingerichtet wurde. Marie-Antoinette was queen of France from 1774 to 1793 and is associated with the decline of the French monarchy. In October 1789 popular pressure compelled the royal family to return from Versailles to Paris, where they became hostages of the Revolutionary movement. Reconstruction of the necklace that was at the centre of the scandal known as the Affair of the Diamond Necklace (1785). Name: Marie Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen, geboren als Erzherzogin Maria Antonia von Österreich Geburtsdatum: 2. Her most intimate friend from this time onward was the princesse de Lamballe. As a result, she became the main target of the popular agitators, whose animosity contributed to the legend that, on being told that the people had no bread, she callously remarked, “Let them eat cake!” (“Qu’ils mangent de la brioche!”). The princess de Lamballe, who remained loyal to the queen throughout the Revolution, was imprisoned along with her. Mai 1774 an Königin von Frankreich und Navarra, nach der Französischen Revolution vom 4. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. She was born on the same day as the famous earthquake of Lisbon. Marie-Antoinette (* 2.November 1755 in Wien; † 16. Louis XVI’s inability to consummate their marriage and the queen’s resultant childlessness in the 1770s inspired rivals—including the king’s own brothers, who stood to inherit the throne if she did not produce a legitimate heir—to circulate slanderous reports of her alleged extramarital affairs. ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/marie-antoinette-biography-3530303. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. They arranged for the king and queen to escape from Paris on the night of June 20, but Revolutionary forces apprehended the royal couple at Varennes (June 25) and escorted them back to Paris. Marie Antoinette, formerly welcomed, became vilified for her spending habits and her opposition to reforms. She was particularly disappointing to her brother, the Holy Roman Emperor, for her inability to further Austrian interests in France. Learn about the things movies have gotten wrong about the life of Marie-Antoinette. Die schwere Geburt und das Erdbeben von Lissabon, welches am Tag zuvor stattgefunden hatte, wurden als schlechte Vorzeichen für den weiteren Lebensweg der Erzherzogin gedeutet, zumal deren… Marie-Antoinette was the youngest daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa. Her sister Maria Carolina was married to Ferdinand IV, King of Naples, for similar reasons. war sie vom 10. Sehr seltener original Kupferstich aus dem 18. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Marie-Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen würde in einem Prozess in Frankreich von Geschworenen zum Tode verurteilt. As queen, Marie-Antoinette was always unpopular. (2020, August 26). The 1785–1786 Affair of the Diamond Necklace further discredited her and reflected poorly on the monarchy. Marie Antoinette, however, remains an enduring symbol, around the world and across history, of the extravagance of monarchy and aristocracy—against which revolutionaries define their ideals. 160 von Breguet Aufzugvorrichtung. Sie galt als höchst unbeliebt beim französischen Volk. Even her indulgence of the persistent requests of her favourites, such as Yolande de Polastron, comtesse de Polignac, did not entail a great drain on the treasury. Because of Louis XVI’s indecisiveness, Marie-Antoinette played an increasingly prominent political role. Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat (1912–1980), französische theoretische Physikerin; Marie Antoinette von Ahlefeldt (1711–1764), deutsche Reichsgräfin und Priorin des Klosters Uetersen; Marie-Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen (1755–1793), Erzherzogin von Österreich, Königin von Frankreich Though the first seven years of her marriage were childless, she then bore a daughter, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte; two sons, Louis-Joseph and Louis-Charles (both of whom died young); and another daughter (who died in infancy). Biography of Marie Antoinette, Queen Executed in the French Revolution. Popular hatred of the queen provided impetus for the storming of the Tuileries Palace and the overthrow of the monarchy on August 10, 1792. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Marie-Antoinettes impulsivitet og letsindighed skaffede hende mange fjender, og hun stødte hoffet fra sig ved at bryde den strenge etikette. November 1755; Geburtsort: Wien, Österreich Gestorben am: 16. Wie Marie Antoinette die Welt veränderte Nach dem Tod des Königs Ludwig folgte im Mai 1774 die Amtszeit von Louis-Auguste . The French were also suspicious of her ties to Austria and her influence on King Louis XVI in attempting to foster policies friendly to Austria. Español : Retrato de la reina María Antonieta de Francia, 1775. Porträt Marie Antoinettes, vermutlich von Jean-Baptiste-André Gautier-Dagoty, um 1775 (Musée Antoine-Lécuyer, Saint-Quentin) Marie-Antoinette (* 2. Her efforts, for example, to secure the return to power of Étienne-François de Choiseul, duc de Choiseul, in 1774 were unsuccessful. zwangsverheiratet wurde hat sie sofort einen Plan geschmiedet wie sie das Land der Franken übernehmen kann. She urged her brother, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, to intervene, and she supported a French declaration of war against Austria in April 1792, which she hoped would result in the defeat of France. Imprisoned with the king, Marie Antoinette continued to plot. In 1770 at age 14, Marie Antoinette married the French dauphin Louis, grandson of Louis XV of France. Marie-Antoinette, in full Marie-Antoinette-Josèphe-Jeanne d’Autriche-Lorraine (Austria-Lorraine), originally German Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Österreich-Lothringen, (born November 2, 1755, Vienna, Austria—died October 16, 1793, Paris, France), Austrian queen consort of King Louis XVI of France (1774–93). The scandal discredited the monarchy and encouraged the nobles to vigorously oppose (1787–88) all the financial reforms advocated by the king’s ministers. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Omissions? The family made several attempts to escape, but all failed. Kaiserin » Biographien » Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette. The basis of their secret understanding with the queen was that, after the constitution had been revised so as to bolster the executive power of the king, it should be loyally accepted and implemented by Louis XVI. Her other court expenditures contributed—though to a minor degree—to the huge debt incurred by the French state in the 1770s and ’80s. Though the queen had supported Jacques Necker’s return to power at the end of August 1788 and had approved of the concession of double representation to the Third Estate, her unpopularity was at its height when the Estates-General convened at Versailles in May 1789. Marie-Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen. von Frankreich, dieser wird 1793 hingerichtet, neun Monate später folgt ihm auch seine Frau, die Witwe Capet zum Schafott. Stephan og Maria Theresia af Østrig, og blev i 1770 gift med Frankrigs kronprins, den senere Ludvig 16. Marie Antoinette (geb. This duplicity paralyzed the pacific policy of the Feuillants and did not dissuade the émigrés from their more aggressive designs for the restoration of the ancien régime. Marie-Antoinette, mixed-method colour print on two sheets of paper by Jean-François Janinet, print after Jean-Baptiste-André Gautier d'Agoty, 1777; in the British Museum. Marie-Antoinette was not, at that time, interested in politics except as a way of securing favours for her friends, and her political influence never exceeded that formerly wielded by the royal mistresses of Louis XV. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Die französische Königin Marie Antoinette wurde in jungen Jahren nach Frankreich verheiratet. 1777 erhielt Marie Antoinette längeren Besuch von ihrem Bruder Kaiser Joseph II. wurde. https://www.thoughtco.com/marie-antoinette-biography-3530303 (accessed April 11, 2021). Marie Antoinette ist die bekannteste Tochter unserer ehemaligen "Kaiserin" Maria Theresia und ein außergewöhnliches Mitglied der französischen Mafia. Biography of King Louis XVI, Deposed in the French Revolution, The French Revolution, Its Outcome, and Legacy, A History of the Palace of Versailles, Jewel of the Sun King, Female European Historical Figures: 1500 - 1945, Biography of Louis XV, Beloved King of France, War of the First Coalition in 1790s France, A Narrative History of the French Revolution - Contents, M.Div., Meadville/Lombard Theological School. Die Brautfahrt der Marie Antoinette führte die zwei Tage zuvor per Stellvertreter vermählte, 14-jährige Erzherzogin Maria Antonia von Österreich ab dem 21. They called for an escape to the interior of France and an appeal for royalist support in the provinces. After the Bastille was stormed on July 14, 1789, the queen urged the king to resist the Assembly's reforms, making her even more unpopular and leading to the unproven attribution to her of the remark, "Qu'ils mangent de la brioche! Mai 1770 Dauphine von Frankreich. After a crowd stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789, the queen failed to convince Louis to take refuge with his army at Metz. After France declared war on Austria in April 1792, Marie-Antoinette’s continuing intrigues with the Austrians further enraged the French. The royal family had been compelled to leave Versailles in 1789 and live in captivity in Paris. - Marie Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen (1755-1793) Queen Königin France Frankreich Portrait Paris, Bligny 1770. Her alleged remark “Let them eat cake” has been cited as showing her obliviousness to the poor conditions in which many of her subjects lived while she lived decadently, but she probably never said it. Tochter Maria Theresias und Königin von Frankreich (Wien 1755 - Paris 1793) »Wilde Gerüchte sind reizend und die unwürdigsten unter ihnen wurden mir zum Verhängnis. These vilifications culminated in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace (1785), in which the queen was unjustly accused of having formed an immoral relationship with a cardinal. Sie gab Unmengen für Mode und ausgefallene Frisuren aus, während die … Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Österreich-Lothringen; November 2, 1755–October 16, 1793) was the queen of France, executed by guillotine during the French Revolution. By most accounts, she was a devoted mother. Corrections? Marie-Antoinette was the youngest daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa and was married to Louis XVI. After her mother died in 1780, she became more extravagant, which led to growing resentment. Lewis, Jone Johnson. ThoughtCo. In more than one sense, Marie-Antoinette was a victim of circumstance. November 1755 als fünfzehntes Kind und letzte Tochter von Kaiser Franz I. von Lothringen (1708–1765) und von Maria Theresia von Österreich (1717–1780) in Wien geboren. This incident was all the more unfortunate for the queen’s reputation because, since the birth of her daughter Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte in December 1778 and of the dauphin Louis in October 1781, she led a quieter and more conventional life. Das mit dem Kuchen habe ich nie gesagt – auch wenn ich zugeben muss, dass es gut erfunden war. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/marie-antoinette-biography-3530303. Her name is associated with the decline in the moral authority of the French monarchy in the closing years of the ancien régime, though her courtly extravagance was but a minor cause of the financial disorders of the French state in that period. Until her death, she supported the monarchy against reforms and against the French Revolution. Two years later, the attempted escape of the royal couple from Paris was stopped at Varennes on October 21, 1791. Louis XVI was executed on orders from the National Convention in January 1793, and in August the queen was put in solitary confinement in the Conciergerie. She is a former faculty member of the Humanist Institute. Oktober 1793 in Paris) wurde als Erzherzogin Maria Antonia von Österreich geboren. He ascended the throne in 1774 as Louis XVI. Deutsch: Königin Marie Antoinette von Frankreich, 1775 English : Portrait of Queen Marie Antoinette of France, 1775. Nachdem sie mit dem damaligen französischen Herrscher Ludwig dem XVI. Did Marie Antoinette say "Let Them Eat Cake"? In August–September, however, she successfully prodded him to resist the attempts of the Revolutionary National Assembly to abolish feudalism and restrict the royal prerogative. In her youth, she was a pawn on the diplomatic chessboard of Europe, as France and Austria attempted to navigate the complex web of allegiances that shaped the continent in the wake of the Seven Years’ War. Marie-Antoinette var en dronning af Frankrig. The family was imprisoned in the Temple on August 13, 1792, and moved to the Conciergerie on August 1, 1793. Was mich interessiert war dieser Prozess Fair oder Unfair und würde sie zurecht zum Tode verurteilt oder war es ungerecht? Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Nach der Thronbesteigung ihres Gatten als Ludwig XVI. Her rejection of reform provoked unrest, and her policy of court resistance to the progress of the French Revolution finally led to the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792. Königin von Frankreich und Navarra (1774–1793), die beim französischen Volk nicht zuletzt durch die legendäre „Halsbandaffäre“ (1785) äußerst unbeliebt war. Marie-Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen . Sie wurde am 2. In this scandal, she was accused of having an affair with a cardinal in order to obtain a costly diamond necklace. Marie Antoinette war eine österreichisch-französische Adlige, Erzherzogin von Österreich und durch ihre Heirat mit Ludwig XVI. The queen remained wary of Barnave and the Feuillants, and, although she acquiesced in the king’s acceptance of the constitution in September 1791, she warned Leopold II that she was not in favour of either their domestic or foreign policy. war sie vom 10. Popular hatred of Marie-Antoinette contributed to the monarchy’s overthrow in 1792 and to her and Louis XVI’s subsequent imprisonment. From birth, she lived the life of wealthy royalty, educated by private tutors in music and languages. Mai 1770 Dauphine von Frankreich.Nach der Thronbesteigung ihres Gatten als Ludwig XVI. Her unpopularity helped lead to the overthrow of the monarchy when Parisians stormed the Tuileries Palace on August 10, 1792, followed by the establishment of the First French Republic in September. It was ultimately her husband’s personal weakness and political nullity that forced Marie-Antoinette to play such a prominent political role during the Revolution. The 11th daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa, Marie-Antoinette was just 14 years old when she was married to the dauphin Louis, grandson of France’s King Louis XV, on May 16, 1770. Marie Antoinette was welcomed in France at first. LA Mayer Institut für Islamische Kunst. During the crises of 1789 as well as those to come, Marie-Antoinette proved to be stronger and more decisive than her husband. "Biography of Marie Antoinette, Queen Executed in the French Revolution." By the time he ascended the throne in May 1774, Marie-Antoinette had withdrawn to seek companionship and distraction among a circle of favourites and politically vulnerable companions whom she might have avoided if her private life had been more satisfactory. Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Österreich-Lothringen; November 2, 1755–October 16, 1793) was the queen of France, executed by guillotine during the French Revolution. She was the youngest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa of the Hapsburg Empire. Da hängt der berühmteste Satz von Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna Erzherzogin von Österreich (1755-1793), guillotiniert als Witwe Capet, schier in der Luft. In May 1790 the queen reached out to the comte de Mirabeau, a prominent member of the National Assembly who hoped to restore the authority of the crown. Marie-Antoinette spent the remainder of her life in Parisian prisons. In October 1789, the royal couple was forced to move from Versailles to Paris. During this time the queen had been deprived of the company of many of her most intimate friends, as they had emigrated after the fall of the Bastille, but she continued to display great personal courage that sustained the royal family both then and throughout its later disasters. "— often translated as "Let them eat cake!" Discredited by the royal family’s failed escape, Marie-Antoinette attempted to shore up the rapidly deteriorating position of the crown by opening secret negotiations with the leaders of the constitutional monarchists in the Constituent Assembly, namely Antoine Barnave and Theodore and Alexandre de Lameth. She was brought before the Revolutionary tribunal on October 14, 1793, and was guillotined two days later. Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution. Durch Heirat mit dem Thronfolger Ludwig August wurde sie am 16.