karl marx staatstheorie

In July, Marx and Bauer took a trip to Bonn from Berlin. Blog. [202], Shuster went on to consider the potential psychosocial effects of the disease, noting that the skin is an organ of communication and that hidradenitis suppurativa produces much psychological distress, including loathing and disgust and depression of self-image, mood and well-being, feelings for which Shuster found "much evidence" in the Marx correspondence. [180] Marx believed that increasingly severe crises would punctuate this cycle of growth and collapse. In 2017, a feature film, titled The Young Karl Marx, featuring Marx, his wife Jenny Marx and Engels, among other revolutionaries and intellectuals prior to the Revolutions of 1848, received good reviews for both its historical accuracy and its brio in dealing with intellectual life. [251] Marx had considered the Slavic nations except Poles as 'counter-revolutionary'. [154] By the late 1850s, American popular interest in European affairs waned and Marx's articles turned to topics such as the "slavery crisis" and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 in the "War Between the States". [96], In mid-July 1845, Marx and Engels left Brussels for England to visit the leaders of the Chartists, a working-class movement in Britain. Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature, Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, From each according to his ability, to each according to his need, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, "Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour", https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf, "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", "The posthumous life of Karl Marx, Highgate Cemetery", "The Political Economy of the Dead: Marx's Vampires". Marx differentiated between base and superstructure, where the base (or substructure) is the economic system and superstructure is the cultural and political system. The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 had been written between April and August 1844, but soon Marx recognised that the Manuscripts had been influenced by some inconsistent ideas of Ludwig Feuerbach. While at the University at Bonn, Marx joined the Poets' Club, a group containing political radicals that were monitored by the police. [71] Engels showed Marx his recently published The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844,[72][73] convincing Marx that the working class would be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history. [251] He was absolutely opposed to Pan-Slavism, viewing it as an instrument of Russian foreign policy. European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker defended Marx's memory, saying that today Marx "stands for things which he is not responsible for and which he didn't cause because many of the things he wrote down were redrafted into the opposite". Accordingly, Marx recognised the need to break with Feuerbach's philosophy in favour of historical materialism, thus a year later (in April 1845) after moving from Paris to Brussels, Marx wrote his eleven "Theses on Feuerbach". See more Karl Marx und Seine Staatstheorie : Zum 200. [216] Marx argued in The German Ideology that capitalism will end through the organised actions of an international working class: Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. Another, more common move has been to dilute the explanatory claims of Marx's social theory and emphasise the "relative autonomy" of aspects of social and economic life not directly related to Marx's central narrative of interaction between the development of the "forces of production" and the succession of "modes of production". In the political realm, these tendencies include Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism, Maoism, Luxemburgism and libertarian Marxism. [199], According to Princeton historian J.E. Marx (1997), p. 321, emphasis in original. [216] This became the inspiration for the body of works known as the conflict theory. [32] The third of nine children, he became the eldest son when his brother Moritz died in 1819. [206] Together with Engels's speech, this constituted the entire programme of the funeral. Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies, "The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution", "L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism", "First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election", "Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism", Nelson Mandela's Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949–1952, "The Left is trying to rehabilitate Karl Marx. [43] Seven years after their engagement, on 19 June 1843, they married in a Protestant church in Kreuznach. [26], Largely non-religious, Heinrich was a man of the Enlightenment, interested in the ideas of the philosophers Immanuel Kant and Voltaire. "The labour-process and the process of producing surplus-value". [248], In this new society, the alienation would end and humans would be free to act without being bound by the labour market. Volumes II and III of Das Kapital remained mere manuscripts upon which Marx continued to work for the rest of his life. [212] Upon his own death in 1895, Engels left Marx's two surviving daughters a "significant portion" of his considerable estate (valued in 2011 at US$4.8 million). 144, 37. Marx had sent his articles on Tuesdays and Fridays, but, that October, the Tribune discharged all its correspondents in Europe except Marx and B. Taylor, and reduced Marx to a weekly article. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Speech delivered in London, probably to a meeting of the International's General Council and the Polish Workers Society on 22 January 1867, text published in. [99] Marx used the trip as an opportunity to examine the economic resources available for study in various libraries in London and Manchester. In Professor Siegel's thesis, what lay behind this punishing sacrifice of his health may have been guilt about self-involvement and egoism, originally induced in Karl Marx by his father. Liebknecht, a founder and leader of the German Social Democratic Party, gave a speech in German and Longuet, a prominent figure in the French working-class movement, made a short statement in French. Karl Heinrich Marx FRSA (German: [maʁks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and … Karl Marx Und Seine Staatstheorie book. His friends referred to him as "Moor", owing to his dark complexion and black curly hair, while he encouraged his children to call him "Old Nick" and "Charley". [216] Marx noted that this was not an intentional process, rather no individual or even state can go against the forces of economy. [290] Andrew Lipow describes Marx and his collaborator Friedrich Engels as "the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism. As she had broken off her engagement with a young aristocrat to be with Marx, their relationship was socially controversial owing to the differences between their religious and class origins, but Marx befriended her father Ludwig von Westphalen (a liberal aristocrat) and later dedicated his doctoral thesis to him. Subsequently, police raided the school in 1832 and discovered that literature espousing political liberalism was being distributed among the students. Considering the distribution of such material a seditious act, the authorities instituted reforms and replaced several staff during Marx's attendance. Within 25 years of his death, the continental European socialist parties that acknowledged Marx's influence on their politics were each gaining between 15 and 47 per cent in those countries with representative democratic elections.[215]. Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels wurden zu Helden der Arbeiterbewegung. Sie muss erstens nicht nur das Verhältnis von Politik und Wirtschaft, von Macht und Akkumulation, von politischer und ziviler Gesellschaft in Rechnung stellen. In 1867, he wrote Engels: "I used to think the separation of Ireland from England impossible. Sozial-, Kultur- und GeschichtswissenschaftlerInnen. This being the case, we must also recognise the fact that in most countries on the Continent the lever of our revolution must be force; it is force to which we must some day appeal to erect the rule of labour.". "You know that the institutions, mores, and traditions of various countries must be taken into consideration, and we do not deny that there are countries – such as America, England, and if I were more familiar with your institutions, I would perhaps also add Holland – where the workers can attain their goal by peaceful means. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre", and in The Capital he refers to capital as "necromancy that surrounds the products of labour". He added that "the vitality of primitive communities was incomparably greater than that of Semitic, Greek, Roman, etc. [89] Marx never clearly discusses issues of morality and justice, but scholars agree that his work contained implicit discussion of those concepts. Main Currents of Marxism : the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. "Karl Marx, Temelji slobode; "Marksizam u svetu", časopis prijevoda iz stare periodike i knjiga; Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Staatstheorie, Materialien zur Rekonstruktion der marxistischen Staatstheorie. In both cases, Marx recognizes the immense suffering brought about during the transition from feudal to bourgeois society while insisting that the transition is both necessary and ultimately progressive. Marx viewed Russia as the main counter-revolutionary threat to European revolutions. A classical liberal, he took part in agitation for a constitution and reforms in Prussia, which was then an absolute monarchy. [190] Given the elimination of these pernicious influences, Marx allowed that "normal conditions of spontaneous development" of the rural commune could exist. For other uses, see, German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist and journalist, Hegelianism and early journalism: 1836–1843, Move to London and further writing: 1850–1860, Labour, class struggle and false consciousness, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarxpp._397–99 (. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. [76][77] Although critical of Bauer, Marx was increasingly influenced by the ideas of the Young Hegelians Max Stirner and Ludwig Feuerbach, but eventually Marx and Engels abandoned Feuerbachian materialism as well. [144] Theories of Surplus Value is often referred to as the fourth volume of Das Kapital and constitutes one of the first comprehensive treatises on the history of economic thought. While residing in Brussels in 1846, Marx continued his association with the secret radical organisation League of the Just. [235] For Marx, the possibility that one may give up ownership of one's own labour – one's capacity to transform the world – is tantamount to being alienated from one's own nature and it is a spiritual loss. [168][169], Given the repeated failures and frustrations of workers' revolutions and movements, Marx also sought to understand capitalism and spent a great deal of time in the reading room of the British Museum studying and reflecting on the works of political economists and on economic data. [34] Marx was privately educated by his father until 1830, when he entered Trier High School (Gymnasium zu Trier [de]), whose headmaster, Hugo Wyttenbach, was a friend of his father. [18][19][20] Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx's work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas. Part of Springer Nature. [219] As he wrote in his Critique of the Gotha Program, "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. [157], The 1850s and 1860s may be said to mark a philosophical boundary distinguishing the young Marx's Hegelian idealism and the more mature Marx's[158][159][160][161] scientific ideology associated with structural Marxism. Not logged in Thanks to various processes overseen by capitalism, such as urbanisation, the working class, the proletariat, should grow in numbers and develop class consciousness, in time realising that they can and must change the system. [216] He wrote that Hegelianism stood the movement of reality on its head, and that one needed to set it upon its feet. Geburtstag des Philosophen: Röhrich, Wilfried: Amazon.com.au: Books Both volumes were published by Engels after Marx's death. Marx's critical theories about society, economics and politics, collectively understood as Marxism, hold that human societies develop through class conflict. "[5][6], Marx believed that he could study history and society scientifically and discern tendencies of history and the resulting outcome of social conflicts. [111] This new open political society was called the Communist League. [261], From an academic perspective, Marx's work contributed to the birth of modern sociology. In London, without finances to run a newspaper themselves, he and Engels turned to international journalism. [148] Its editorial board contained progressive bourgeois journalists and publishers, among them George Ripley and the journalist Charles Dana, who was editor-in-chief. Karl Marx (Beck'sche Reihe 2834) Direct Democracy in Europe: Developments and Prospects (Direct Democracy in Modern Europe) (English Edition) Die Kunst des Aufstands: Studien zu Revolution, Guerilla und Weltkrieg bei Friedrich Engels und Karl Marx (kritik & utopie) Karl Marx und seine Staatstheorie: Zum 200. Marx maintained that this would spell doom for the Communist League itself, arguing that changes in society are not achieved overnight through the efforts and will power of a handful of men. [citation needed], Marx continued to write articles for the New York Daily Tribune as long as he was sure that the Tribune's editorial policy was still progressive. [180][219] In section one of The Communist Manifesto, Marx describes feudalism, capitalism and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. Meanwhile, Marx also became heavily involved with the socialist German Workers' Educational Society. [145] Marx's principal earnings came from his work as European correspondent, from 1852 to 1862, for the New-York Daily Tribune,[146]:17 and from also producing articles for more "bourgeois" newspapers. At the same time, Marx stressed that capitalism was unstable and prone to periodic crises. The sites of the persistent 'carbuncles' were noted repeatedly in the armpits, groins, perianal, genital (penis and scrotum) and suprapubic regions and inner thighs, "favoured sites of hidradenitis suppurativa". [180] Demand for a Russian language edition of Das Kapital soon led to the printing of 3,000 copies of the book in the Russian language, which was published on 27 March 1872. [23] Marx was ethnically but not religiously Jewish. [124] Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne where he began issuing a handbill entitled the Demands of the Communist Party in Germany,[125] in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the Communist Manifesto, believing that in Germany at that time the bourgeoisie must overthrow the feudal monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie. Inflammation of the eyes was induced by too much work at night. After the "failures" of 1848, the revolutionary impetus appeared spent and not to be renewed without an economic recession. [48] During a convalescence in Stralau, he joined the Doctor's Club (Doktorklub), a student group which discussed Hegelian ideas, and through them became involved with a group of radical thinkers known as the Young Hegelians in 1837. [42], Spending summer and autumn 1836 in Trier, Marx became more serious about his studies and his life. [94] In Brussels, Marx associated with other exiled socialists from across Europe, including Moses Hess, Karl Heinzen and Joseph Weydemeyer. [264] Karl Löwith considered Marx and Søren Kierkegaard to be the two greatest Hegelian philosophical successors. [152] [180] Moreover, he believed that in the long-term, this process would enrich and empower the capitalist class and impoverish the proletariat. [30] His wife, Henriette Pressburg, was a Dutch Jewish woman from a prosperous business family that later founded the company Philips Electronics. [88] These manuscripts covered numerous topics, detailing Marx's concept of alienated labour. In Marx-Engels 'Collected Works', Volume 24, p. 346. Dieses Buch, das Karl Marx zum 200. Specifically, Theories of Surplus Value runs from the latter part of the Collected Works' thirtieth volume through the end of their thirty-second volume;[183][184][185] meanwhile, the larger Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863 run from the start of the Collected Works' thirtieth volume through the first half of their thirty-fourth volume. His maternal grandfather was a Dutch rabbi, while his paternal line had supplied Trier's rabbis since 1723, a role taken by his grandfather Meier Halevi Marx. This has been the neo-Marxist theorising adopted by historians inspired by Marx's social theory such as E. P. Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. [254], Marx supported the cause of Irish independence. In all, 67 Marx-Engels articles were published, of which 51 were written by Engels, although Marx did some research for them in the British Museum. [227][228][230] Fundamental to Marx's idea of meaningful labour is the proposition that for a subject to come to terms with its alienated object it must first exert influence upon literal, material objects in the subject's world. Marx criticised right-wing European governments as well as figures in the liberal and socialist movements, whom he thought ineffective or counter-productive. [243], Marx was an outspoken opponent of child labour,[244] saying that British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children's blood too", and that U.S. capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children". However, in the winter of 1849–1850 a split within the ranks of the Communist League occurred when a faction within it led by August Willich and Karl Schapper began agitating for an immediate uprising. [67] Only one issue was published, but it was relatively successful, largely owing to the inclusion of Heinrich Heine's satirical odes on King Ludwig of Bavaria, leading the German states to ban it and seize imported copies (Ruge nevertheless refused to fund the publication of further issues and his friendship with Marx broke down). The successful sales of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy stimulated Marx in the early 1860s to finish work on the three large volumes that would compose his major life's work – Das Kapital and the Theories of Surplus Value, which discussed the theoreticians of political economy, particularly Adam Smith and David Ricardo. They gathered around Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer, with Marx developing a particularly close friendship with Adolf Rutenberg. He became a lawyer with a comfortably upper middle class income and the family owned a number of Moselle vineyards, in addition to his income as an attorney. [261] Various currents have also developed in academic Marxism, often under influence of other views, resulting in structuralist Marxism, historical Marxism, phenomenological Marxism, analytical Marxism and Hegelian Marxism. [205][206] Research from contemporary sources identifies thirteen named individuals attending the funeral. Geburtstag Des Philosophen: Roehrich, Wilfried: Amazon.sg: Books Eine Staatstheorie kann von sehr verschiedenen Ansätzen ausgehen: Je nach Epoche und Theorieansatz können Akteure der Staatstheorie sein: Staatstheorien aus der Zeit des antiken Griechenlands beziehen sich nicht auf einen Staat im heutigen Sinn einer Gebietskörperschaft, sondern auf den Personalverband einer Polis (Stadtstaat). Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name", "Fox Hunter, Party Animal, Leftist Warrior", "Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory", "Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst", "Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe", International Institute of Social History, Marx's notebooks on the history of technology, The Condition of the Working Class in England, The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man, The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International League of Peoples' Struggle, International League of Religious Socialists, From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs, List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation, Crimes against humanity under communist regimes, Relationship between religion and science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&oldid=994539372, Members of the International Workingmen's Association, People from the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Articles with Marxists Internet Archive links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Communist Correspondence Committee (until 1847), Earlier German philosophical materialism among the, Marx's Judaic legacy has been identified as formative to both his moral outlook, Iggers, Georg G. "Historiography: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. "[256] Marx was surprised by the arrogance of many European settlers in Algiers and wrote in a letter: "when a European colonist dwells among the 'lesser breeds,' either as a settler or even on business, he generally regards himself as even more inviolable than handsome William I [a Prussian king]. [196], Although Marx had drunk alcohol before he joined the Trier Tavern Club drinking society, after he had joined the club he began to drink more heavily and continued to do so throughout his whole life.[40]. [130] Consequently, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung was soon suppressed and Marx was ordered to leave the country on 16 May. 3 interactive class activities to energize your online classroom To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. Unable either to stay in France or to move to Germany, Marx decided to emigrate to Brussels in Belgium in February 1845. By the autumn of 1871, the entire first edition of the German language edition of Das Kapital had been sold out and a second edition was published. [195], Marx frequently used pseudonyms, often when renting a house or flat, apparently to make it harder for the authorities to track him down. [146]:82 Marx's first article for the paper, on the British parliamentary elections, was published on 21 August 1852. [117], Later that year, Europe experienced a series of protests, rebellions and often violent upheavals that became known as the Revolutions of 1848. London: NLB, 1976. [16] Both Marx and Auguste Comte set out to develop scientifically justified ideologies in the wake of European secularisation and new developments in the philosophies of history and science. Marx strongly disagreed with this new political position and in 1863 was forced to withdraw as a writer for the Tribune. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. [170] By 1857, Marx had accumulated over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital, landed property, wage labour, the state and foreign trade and the world market, though this work did not appear in print until 1939 under the title Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy. [261] The legacy of Marx's thought has become contested between numerous tendencies, each of which sees itself as Marx's most accurate interpreter. [64] Marx contributed two essays to the paper, "Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"[65] and "On the Jewish Question",[66] the latter introducing his belief that the proletariat were a revolutionary force and marking his embrace of communism. [161] However, not all scholars accept this distinction. [246], Despite Marx's stress on critique of capitalism and discussion of the new communist society that should replace it, his explicit critique is guarded, as he saw it as an improved society compared to the past ones (slavery and feudalism). There must have been few whom he did not criticize like this ... not even Engels was an exception. [203], Following the death of his wife Jenny in December 1881, Marx developed a catarrh that kept him in ill health for the last 15 months of his life. Kritik am Marxismus, d. h. eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit jener Form der Gesellschaftstheorie, die sich auf die Schriften von Karl Marx (18181883) und Friedrich Engels (18201895) bezieht, gibt es bereits seit es den Marxismus gibt. Accordingly, in June 1847 the League was reorganised by its membership into a new open "above ground" political society that appealed directly to the working classes. Technical University Cluj Napoco (2000321981) - ANELIS Plus Consortium (3000146411) - 1246 Open Romania (3000208166) He wrote about the colonial justice system, in which "a form of torture has been used (and this happens 'regularly') to extract confessions from the Arabs; naturally it is done (like the English in India) by the 'police'; the judge is supposed to know nothing at all about it. He had always sought to return to economics. It is the opium of the people. [251] During the Crimean War, Marx backed the Ottoman Empire and its allies Britain and France against Russia. Gemessen an der Zahl seiner Anhänger und den Auswirkungen seines Werkes für … Geburtstag des Philosophen [129][135] Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counter-revolution and a cholera epidemic and was soon expelled by the city authorities, who considered him a political threat. [45] During the first term, Marx attended lectures of Eduard Gans (who represented the progressive Hegelian standpoint, elaborated on rational development in history by emphasising particularly its libertarian aspects, and the importance of social question) and of Karl von Savigny (who represented the Historical School of Law). [36] Due to a condition referred to as a "weak chest",[37] Marx was excused from military duty when he turned 18. [131][133][134] Meanwhile, the democratic parliament in Prussia collapsed and the king, Frederick William IV, introduced a new cabinet of his reactionary supporters, who implemented counter-revolutionary measures to expunge leftist and other revolutionary elements from the country. Marx had his articles translated from German by Wilhelm Pieper [de], until his proficiency in English had become adequate. [94] At this point, Marx moved from Paris to Brussels, where Marx hoped to once again continue his study of capitalism and political economy. Marx und Engels waren, bedingt durch ihre hegelianische Herkunft, derAuffassung, die Menschheit bewege sich gesetzmäßig auf einekommunistische Gesellschaft zu. [57], Marx was considering an academic career, but this path was barred by the government's growing opposition to classical liberalism and the Young Hegelians. [21][22], Karl Heinrich Marx was born on 5 May 1818 to Heinrich Marx (1777–1838) and Henriette Pressburg (1788–1863). From 1863, Marx complained a lot about boils: "These are very frequent with liver patients and may be due to the same causes". [24] His father, as a child known as Herschel, was the first in the line to receive a secular education. In other words, the working class must join with bourgeois and democratic forces to bring about the successful conclusion of the bourgeois revolution before stressing the working class agenda and a working class revolution. Da… "Critique of Hegel's dialectic and philosophy in general". [15] Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised proletarian revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.

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